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1978 a woman died of rabies due to a cornea transplant from an infected person.

1978 a woman died of rabies due to a cornea transplant from an infected person.


In 1978, there was a case where a woman in the United States died of rabies after receiving a cornea transplant from a donor who was infected with the virus. This was one of the first documented cases of rabies transmission through organ transplantation.

The woman received the cornea transplant as part of a routine eye surgery, and the donor's rabies infection was not detected at the time of the transplant. Several weeks after the surgery, the woman began to experience symptoms of rabies, and unfortunately, she ultimately died from the disease.

This case led to significant changes in the screening process for organ donors, as well as increased awareness of the risk of rabies transmission through transplantation. Today, rigorous screening measures are in place to ensure that organs are safe for transplantation, and the risk of rabies transmission through organ donation is very low.



The rabies viruses


The rabies virus is a highly infectious and potentially deadly virus that belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae and belongs to the lyssaviruses species. This disease is zoonotic. Means disease caused from one species to another. Like, dogs, cats, horses, and mice and bats, etc., in humans. The virus is bullet-shaped and has a single strand of RNA as its genetic material. It is highly neurotropic, meaning it has a strong affinity for nerve cells and can easily invade and replicate within them. After an animal or person is infected with the rabies virus, it may take several weeks or even months for symptoms to appear. The rabies virus affects the central nervous system and the brain. As a result, man acts like an animal, is afraid of water, and is afraid of wind. react like a dog. In the end death, within 7 to 14 of the occurring of symptoms.

The rabies virus travels through the peripheral nerves to the brain. The incubation period of the disease is typically a few days to a few months in humans, depending on the site and severity of exposure, the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.

The initial symptoms of rabies are headache, fever, sore throat, pain during swallowing anything solid. But later the person suffering from rabies goes through a lot of trouble. His behavior becomes unusual and aggressive. Due to paralytic effects in the pharyngeal muscle, eating is not possible. The patient runs away from water. Saliva keeps dripping from the mouth.

The patient swallows nothing due to the paralytic effect in the pharyngeal muscle. Malnutrition occurs. Gradually paralysis spreads throughout the body.  In the final stages of the disease, the infected person or animal may experience paralysis, respiratory failure, and eventually death.



Incubation period

The incubation period can vary depending on a number of factors, including the location and severity of the bite or scratch, the amount of virus that was transmitted, and the individual's immune system response. The incubation period for rabies varies according to the number of virions introduced to the wound and the wound's proximity to the central nervous system.it may vary from six days to one year and shorter in children than adults.


Symptoms

The early symptoms of rabies are often flu-like and can include fever, headache, and weakness. As the virus progresses, it attacks the central nervous system and causes more severe symptoms, such as anxiety, confusion, agitation, and muscle spasms. 

Early sign
  • Tingling
  • Burning
  • Coldness
  • Fever
  • Headache.

Later sign
  • Due to increased muscle tone, the patient becomes alert
  • Aggressive
  • Show unusual behavior
  • Due to paralytic effects in pharyngeal muscle, difficulty in swallowing is felt
  • Salivation become profuse
  • Saliva drips, from the mouth
  • Cannot be swallowed
  • The paralysis spreads
  • Death occurs within a few days by respiration inhibition.


Hydrophobia is a symptom of rabies 


Hydrophobia is a symptom of rabies means a fear of water and difficulty swallowing. The term "hydrophobia" is a Greek words "hydro," meaning water, and "phobia," meaning fear.

In people with rabies, hydrophobia is caused by spasms of the muscles involved in swallowing, which can make it difficult or even impossible to drink water or other liquids. This can lead to severe dehydration.

Hydrophobia is not always present in cases of rabies,  However, when it does occur, it is often a sign that the disease has progressed to an advanced stage and that the prognosis is poor.

Treatment for hydrophobia in rabies typically involves supportive care to help the person manage their symptoms and prevent complications.  include intravenous fluids, medications to control pain and anxiety, and other measures to help maintain hydration and nutrition.



Rabies confirmatory test


The tests used to confirm of rabies virus
  1. Skin biopsy
  2. Saliva test
  3. Lumbar puncture
  4. Blood test.


Preventing rabies involves several key measures:


Vaccination: Regular vaccination of pets can help protect them from the disease and prevent transmission to humans.


Avoiding contact with wild animals: People should avoid contact with wild animals, especially those that may be infected with rabies such as bats, foxes, skunks, and raccoons. 


Reporting animal bites and scratches: If you are bitten or scratched by an animal, seek medical attention immediately. If the animal is available, it can be tested for rabies.


Post-exposure prophylaxis: If you are bitten or scratched by an animal that may be infected with rabies, you will need to receive post-exposure prophylaxis, which typically includes a series of rabies vaccines and immunoglobulin injections. 


Get vaccinated immediately after animal bites. This is the most effective way to stop it. If possible, gather information about the animal. To know whether the animal has been vaccinated or not. If you have pets in your house, then get them vaccinated. It is necessary to protect the whole family.

If you run a farmhouse, or if you want to come to such a place, then get yourself vaccinated in advance.
Wash the wound thoroughly with soap. Apply antiseptic cream. Also, see a doctor immediately. Serum-containing anti-rabies antibodies are injected into the base of the wound in the hospital. Also, tetanus injection is given. The combination of vaccine and antibody is injected to neutralize the virus before it reaches the central nervous system.



Pre-exposure vaccination

A vaccine that protects against rabies is for those people who are at risk. the rabies vaccine available as a human diploid cell vaccine HDCV, purified chick embryo cell vaccine PCECV, and purified Vero cell rabies vaccine PVRV the vaccine may be administered by intramuscular or intradermal.


Post explore prophylaxis - PEP

Immunization or sero vaccine therapy is very effective for post-exposure. and administered immediately after exposure.  



WHO report for 
Rabies

Rabies is an infectious viral disease that is almost always fatal following the onset of clinical symptoms. In up to 99% of cases, domestic dogs are responsible for rabies virus transmission to humans. Yet, rabies can affect both domestic and wild animals. It is spread to people through bites or scratches, usually via saliva. Rabies is present on all continents, except Antarctica, with over 95% of human deaths occurring in the Asia and Africa regions.

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